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The Standard of Care in SchoolsSpecial education, bullying, restraint, and student suicide — sourced to primary authority.

Every figure in The Standard of Care in Schools, traced to its source

41 primary sources. Each URL was checked before publication and is rechecked whenever a page in The Standard of Care in Schools is revised.

The numbered markers throughout the Center overview and the standards link to the matching entry below. Where a source has been superseded or withdrawn, the entry is corrected on the page rather than quietly removed — the editorial policy explains how.

  1. 1.Endrew F. v. Douglas County School District RE-1, 580 U.S. 386 (2017), slip opinion (No. 15-827). https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/16pdf/15-827_0pm1.pdfSupreme Court of the United States
  2. 2.Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education, 526 U.S. 629 (1999) — syllabus. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/97-843.ZS.htmlCornell Legal Information Institute
  3. 3.Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education, 526 U.S. 629 (1999) — opinion of the Court. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/97-843.ZO.htmlCornell Legal Information Institute
  4. 4.Gebser v. Lago Vista Independent School District, 524 U.S. 274 (1998) — syllabus. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/96-1866.ZS.htmlCornell Legal Information Institute
  5. 5.A. J. T. v. Osseo Area Schools, Independent School District No. 279, 605 U.S. ___ (2025), slip opinion (No. 24-249, decided June 12, 2025). https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/24-249_a86c.pdfSupreme Court of the United States
  6. 6.29 U.S.C. § 794 — Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/29/794Cornell Legal Information Institute
  7. 7.42 U.S.C. § 12132 — Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/12132Cornell Legal Information Institute
  8. 8.34 C.F.R. § 104.33 — Free appropriate public education under Section 504. https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/34/104.33Cornell Legal Information Institute
  9. 9.34 C.F.R. § 300.111 — Child find. https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/34/300.111Cornell Legal Information Institute
  10. 10.34 C.F.R. § 300.301 — Initial evaluations (60-day timeframe). https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/34/300.301Cornell Legal Information Institute
  11. 11.34 C.F.R. § 300.320 — Definition of individualized education program. https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/34/300.320Cornell Legal Information Institute
  12. 12.34 C.F.R. § 300.324 — Development, review, and revision of IEP. https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/34/300.324Cornell Legal Information Institute
  13. 13.34 C.F.R. § 300.303 — Reevaluations. https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/34/300.303Cornell Legal Information Institute
  14. 14.20 U.S.C. § 1412 — IDEA State eligibility (FAPE, child find, least restrictive environment). https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/20/1412Cornell Legal Information Institute
  15. 15.20 U.S.C. § 1415 — IDEA procedural safeguards, including § 1415(l). https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/20/1415Cornell Legal Information Institute
  16. 16.About IDEA — Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. https://sites.ed.gov/idea/about-idea/U.S. Department of Education
  17. 17.IDEA Dispute Resolution Data Summary for U.S. and Outlying Areas: 2013-14 to 2023-24 (August 2025). https://cadreworks.org/files/2025-national-idea-dispute-resolution-data-summary-final-accessible0pdfCADRE — Center for Appropriate Dispute Resolution in Special Education (OSEP-funded), from Section 618 data
  18. 18.Trends in Dispute Resolution (DR) under the IDEA, 2023-24 (August 2025). https://cadreworks.org/files/2025-trends-dr-data-2023-24CADRE — Center for Appropriate Dispute Resolution in Special Education
  19. 19.National & State Dispute Resolution Data Dashboard (2004 to present). https://cadreworks.org/national-state-dr-data-dashboardCADRE — Center for Appropriate Dispute Resolution in Special Education
  20. 20.2021-22 Civil Rights Data Collection — A First Look (released January 2025). https://www.ed.gov/media/document/2021-22-crdc-first-look-report-109194.pdfU.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights
  21. 21.Civil Rights Data Collection (CRDC) data portal. https://civilrightsdata.ed.gov/U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights
  22. 22.Restraint and Seclusion: Resource Document (fifteen principles). https://www.ed.gov/sites/ed/files/policy/seclusion/restraints-and-seclusion-resources.pdfU.S. Department of Education
  23. 23.Seclusions and Restraint Statutes, Regulations, Policies and Guidance (by State). https://www.ed.gov/teaching-and-administration/safe-learning-environments/school-safety-and-security/school-climate-and-student-discipline/seclusions-and-restraint-statutes-regulations-policies-and-guidanceU.S. Department of Education
  24. 24.Dear Colleague Letter: Restraint and Seclusion of Students with Disabilities (December 2016). https://www.ed.gov/sites/ed/files/about/offices/list/ocr/letters/colleague-201612-504-restraint-seclusion-ps.pdfU.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights
  25. 25.Supporting Students with Disabilities and Avoiding the Discriminatory Use of Student Discipline (Section 504 guidance). https://www.ed.gov/sites/ed/files/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/504-discipline-guidance.pdfU.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights
  26. 26.Report to the President and Secretary of Education, Fiscal Year 2024 Annual Report. https://www.ed.gov/media/document/ocr-report-president-and-secretary-of-education-2024-109012.pdfU.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights
  27. 27.Office for Civil Rights Annual Reports (index). https://www.ed.gov/about/ed-offices/office-civil-rights/office-civil-rights-annual-reportsU.S. Department of Education
  28. 28.Dear Colleague Letter on Title IX enforcement, February 4, 2025 (supersedes January 31, 2025 letter). https://www.ed.gov/media/document/title-ix-enforcement-directive-dcl-109477.pdfU.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights
  29. 29.Sex Discrimination: Overview of the Law (page reviewed January 31, 2025). https://www.ed.gov/laws-and-policy/civil-rights-laws/title-ix-and-sex-discrimination/sex-discrimination-overview-of-lawU.S. Department of Education
  30. 30.2020 Title IX Final Rule, 85 Fed. Reg. 30026 (May 19, 2020). https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/05/19/2020-10512/nondiscrimination-on-the-basis-of-sex-in-education-programs-or-activities-receiving-federalFederal Register / Office of the Federal Register
  31. 31.2024 Title IX Final Rule, 89 Fed. Reg. 33474 (April 29, 2024) — vacated nationwide January 9, 2025. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/04/29/2024-07915/nondiscrimination-on-the-basis-of-sex-in-education-programs-or-activities-receiving-federalFederal Register / Office of the Federal Register
  32. 32.Verlenden JV, Fodeman A, Wilkins N, et al. Mental Health and Suicide Risk Among High School Students and Protective Factors — Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 2023. MMWR Suppl 2024;73(4):79–86. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11559681/CDC / MMWR Supplements (via PubMed Central)
  33. 33.Young E, McCain JL, Mercado MC, et al. Frequent Social Media Use and Experiences with Bullying Victimization, Persistent Feelings of Sadness or Hopelessness, and Suicide Risk Among High School Students — Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 2023. MMWR Suppl 2024;73(4):23–30. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11559676/CDC / MMWR Supplements (via PubMed Central)
  34. 34.Suicide — statistics, including leading-cause-of-death rankings by age group (2023 data). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/suicideNational Institute of Mental Health (NIH)
  35. 35.WISQARS Leading Causes of Death Visualization Tool. https://wisqars.cdc.gov/lcd/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  36. 36.Model School District Policy on Suicide Prevention (with the American School Counselor Association, the National Association of School Psychologists, and The Trevor Project). https://afsp.org/model-school-policy-on-suicide-prevention/American Foundation for Suicide Prevention
  37. 37.Model School District Suicide Prevention Policy. https://www.nasponline.org/resources-and-publications/resources-and-podcasts/school-safety-and-crisis/mental-health-resources/preventing-youth-suicide/model-school-district-suicide-prevention-policyNational Association of School Psychologists
  38. 38.After a Suicide: A Toolkit for Schools, Second Edition. https://sprc.org/resources/after-suicide-toolkit-schoolsSuicide Prevention Resource Center and American Foundation for Suicide Prevention
  39. 39.After a Suicide: A Toolkit for Schools, Second Edition (full PDF). https://sprc.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/AfteraSuicideToolkitforSchools-3.pdfSuicide Prevention Resource Center and American Foundation for Suicide Prevention
  40. 40.Condition of Education — Students With Disabilities (7.5 million served under IDEA in 2022–23, 15% of public school enrollment). https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator/cgg/students-with-disabilitiesNational Center for Education Statistics
  41. 41.Condition of Education — Student Bullying (School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey, 2022). https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator/a10/bullying-electronic-bullyingNational Center for Education Statistics

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